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A national anthem (also state anthem, national hymn, national song, etc.) is generally a patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. The countries of Latin America, Central Asia, and Europe tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa, and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare.[1] Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom, Russian Federation, and the former Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
Languages[edit]
A national anthem, when it has lyrics (as is usually the case), is most often in the national or most common language of the country, whether de facto or official, there are notable exceptions. Most commonly, states with more than one national language may offer several versions of their anthem, for instance:
- The 'Swiss Psalm', the national anthem of Switzerland, has different lyrics for each of the country's four official languages (French, German, Italian and Romansh).
- The national anthem of Canada, 'O Canada', has official lyrics in both English and French which are not translations of each other, and is frequently sung with a mixture of stanzas, representing the country's bilingual nature. The song itself was originally written in French.
- 'The Soldier's Song', the national anthem of Ireland, was originally written and adopted in English, but an Irish translation, although never formally adopted, is nowadays almost always sung instead, even though only 10.5% of Ireland speaks Irish natively.[2]
- The current South African national anthem is unique in that five of the country's eleven official languages are used in the same anthem (the first stanza is divided between two languages, with each of the remaining three stanzas in a different language). It was created by combining two different songs together and then modifying the lyrics and adding new ones.
- One of the two official national anthems of New Zealand, 'God Defend New Zealand', is commonly now sung with the first verse in Māori ('Aotearoa') and the second in English ('God Defend New Zealand'). The tune is the same but the words are not a direct translation of each other.
- 'God Bless Fiji' has lyrics in English and Fijian which are not translations of each other. Although official, the Fijian version is rarely sung, and it is usually the English version that is performed at international sporting events.
- Although Singapore has four official languages, with English being the current lingua franca, the national anthem, 'Majulah Singapura' is in Malay and by law can only be sung with its original Malay lyrics, despite the fact that Malay is a minority language in Singapore. This is because Part XIII of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore declares, “the national language shall be the Malay language and shall be in the Roman script […]”
- There are several countries that do not have official lyrics to their national anthems. One of these is the 'Marcha Real', the national anthem of Spain. Although it originally had lyrics those lyrics were discontinued after governmental changes in the early 1980s after Francisco Franco's dictatorship ended. In 2007 a national competition to write words was held, but no lyrics were chosen.[3] Other national anthems with no words include 'Inno Nazionale della Repubblica', the national anthem of San Marino, that of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that of Russia from 1990 to 2000, and that of Kosovo, entitled 'Europe'.
- The national anthem of India, 'Jana Gana Mana', the official lyrics are in the Devnagari (Hindi). The lyrics were adopted from a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore.
- Despite the most common language in Wales being English, the Welsh regional anthem 'Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau' is sung in the Welsh language.
- The national anthem of Finland, 'Maamme', was first written in Swedish and only later translated to Finnish. It is nowadays sung in both languages as there is a Swedish speaking minority of about 6% in the country.
History[edit]
Early version of the 'Wilhelmus' as preserved in a manuscript of 1617 (Brussels, Royal Library, MS 15662, fol. 37v-38r)[4]
National anthems rose to prominence in Europe during the 19th century, but some originated much earlier. The presumed oldest national anthem belongs to the Netherlands and is called the 'Wilhelmus'. It was written between 1568 and 1572 during the Dutch Revolt and its current melody variant was composed shortly before 1626. It was a popular orangist march during the 17th century but it did not become the official Dutch national anthem until 1932.
The Japanese national anthem, 'Kimigayo', has the oldest lyrics, which were taken from a Heian period (794–1185) poem, yet it was not set to music until 1880.[5]
The Philippine national anthem 'Lupang Hinirang' was composed in 1898 as wordless incidental music for the ceremony declaring independence from the Spanish Empire. The Spanish poem 'Filipinas' was written the following year to serve as the anthem's lyrics; the current Tagalog version dates to 1962.
'God Save the Queen', the national anthem of the United Kingdom and the royal anthem reserved for use in the presence of the Monarch in some Commonwealth realms, was first performed in 1619 under the title 'God Save the King'. It is not officially the national anthem of the UK, though it became such through custom and usage.
Spain's national anthem, the 'Marcha Real' (The Royal March), written in 1761, was among the first to be adopted as such, in 1770. Denmark adopted the older of its two national anthems, 'Kong Christian stod ved højen mast', in 1780; and 'La Marseillaise', the French national anthem, was written in 1792 and adopted in 1795. Serbia became the first Eastern European nation to have a national anthem – 'Rise up, Serbia!' – in 1804.[citation needed]
'Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu', the national anthem of Kenya, is one of the first national anthems to be specifically commissioned. It was written by the Kenyan Anthem Commission in 1963 to serve as the anthem after independence from the United Kingdom.[6]
The Welsh National anthem 'Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau' was the first such to be sung at an international sporting event when it was sung in a Rugby game against New Zealand in Llanelli. This was done to counter the famous New Zealandhaka.
'Hativkah', the national anthem of Israel, was written as a poem in 1877 by Naftali Herz Imber, and set to the melody of the Italian song 'La Mantovana' in 1888 by Samuel Cohen (the melody was used for many folk songs throughout Europe).
Usage[edit]
Schoolroom in Turkey with the words of the 'İstiklâl Marşı'
National anthems are used in a wide array of contexts. Certain etiquette may be involved in the playing of a country's anthem. These usually involve military honours, standing up/rising, removing headwear etc. In diplomatic situations the rules may be very formal. There may also be royal anthems, presidential anthems, state anthems etc. for special occasions.
They are played on national holidays and festivals, and have also come to be closely connected with sporting events. Wales was the first country to adopt this, during a rugby game against New Zealand in 1905. Since then during sporting competitions, such as the Olympic Games, the national anthem of the gold medal winner is played at each medal ceremony; also played before games in many sports leagues, since being adopted in baseball during World War II.[7] When teams from two different nations play each other, the anthems of both nations are played, the host nation's anthem being played last.
In some countries, the national anthem is played to students each day at the start of school as an exercise in patriotism, such as in Tanzania.[8] In other countries the state anthem may be played in a theatre before a play or in a cinema before a movie. Many radio and television stations have adopted this and play the national anthem when they sign on in the morning and again when they sign off at night. For instance, the national anthem of China is played before the broadcast of evening news on Hong Kong's local television stations including TVB Jade and ATV Home.[9] In Colombia, it is a law to play the National Anthem at 6:00 and 18:00 on every public radio and television station, while in Thailand, 'Phleng Chat' is played at 08:00 and 18:00 nationwide (the Royal Anthem is used for sign-ons and closedowns instead).
The words of the National Anthem of the Republic of China written by Sun Yat-sen
The use of a national anthem outside of its country, however, is dependent on the international recognition of that country. For instance, Taiwan has not been recognized by the Olympics as a separate nation since 1979 and must compete as Chinese Taipei; its National Banner Song is used instead of its national anthem.[10] In Taiwan, the country's national anthem is sung before instead of during flag-rising and flag-lowering, followed by the National Banner Song during the actual flag-rising and flag-lowering. Even within a state, the state's citizenry may interpret the national anthem differently (such as in the United States some view the U.S. national anthem as representing respect for dead soldiers and policemen whereas others view it as honoring the country generally).[11]
Creators[edit]
Rouget de Lisle performing 'La Marseillaise' for the first time
Most of the best-known national anthems were written by little-known or unknown composers such as Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, composer of 'La Marseillaise' and John Stafford Smith who wrote the tune for 'The Anacreontic Song', which became the tune for the U.S. national anthem, 'The Star-Spangled Banner.' The author of 'God Save the Queen', one of the oldest and most well known anthems in the world, is unknown and disputed.
Very few countries have a national anthem written by a world-renowned composer. Exceptions include Germany, whose anthem 'Das Lied der Deutschen' uses a melody written by Joseph Haydn, and Austria, whose national anthem 'Land der Berge, Land am Strome' is sometimes credited to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The 'Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic' was composed by Aram Khachaturian. The music of the 'Pontifical Anthem', anthem of the Vatican City, was composed in 1869 by Charles Gounod, for the golden jubilee of Pope Pius IX's priestly ordination.
The committee charged with choosing a national anthem for Malaysia at independence decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration, including Benjamin Britten, William Walton, Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said, who later composed 'Majulah Singapura', the national anthem of Singapore. None were deemed suitable.
A few anthems have words by Nobel laureates in literature. The first Asian laureate, Rabindranath Tagore, wrote the words and music of 'Jana Gana Mana' and 'Amar Shonar Bangla', later adopted as the national anthems of India and Bangladesh respectively. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem 'Ja, vi elsker dette landet'.
Other countries had their anthems composed by locally important people. This is the case for Colombia, whose anthem's lyrics were written by former president and poet Rafael Nuñez, who also wrote the country's first constitution. A similar case is Liberia, the national anthem of which was written by its third president, Daniel Bashiel Warner.
Modality[edit]
National anthems by key A major (Equatorial Guinea, South Korea and Kyrgyzstan)
A-flat major (Algeria, Bangladesh, Burundi, Eswatini, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Rwanda and San Marino)
B-flat major (Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Fiji, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Ireland, Jamaica, Kiribati, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tuvalu, the United States, Vanuatu and Vietnam)
C major (Angola, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Dominica, East Timor, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Namibia, North Macedonia, Panama, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Uruguay and Yemen)
D major (the Bahamas, Bahrain, Denmark, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Seychelles and Sudan)
D-flat major (Haiti and Norway)
E minor (Iraq, Israel and Romania)
E-flat major (Afghanistan, Austria, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Mauritania, Palau, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, South Sudan and Suriname)
F major (Armenia, Belarus, Belize, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, the Republic of the Congo, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Laos, Malawi, the Maldives, Malta, the Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Nauru, Niger, Nigeria, Palestine, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Somalia, Syria, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Vatican City, Venezuela and Western Sahara)
G major (Albania, Andorra, Barbados, China, France, Indonesia, Iran, Kosovo, Latvia, Lebanon, Mali, Monaco, Mozambique, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Oman, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Zambia and Zimbabwe)
Played at any key or mixed keys (Brazil, the Central African Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Italy, Montenegro, Morocco, the Philippines and South Africa)
While most national anthems are in the major scale, there are a number of notable exceptions. For example, these anthems are in the minor scale:
- 'Mila Rodino' (Bulgaria)
- 'Nad Tatrou sa blýska' (Slovakia)
- ”Els Segadors” (Catalonia)
- 'Hatikvah' (Israel)
- 'Surudi Milli' (Tajikistan)
- 'Azərbaycan marşı' (Azerbaijan)
- 'Mawtini' (Iraq)
- 'Deșteaptă-te, române!' (Romania)
- 'Meniń Qazaqstanym' (Kazakhstan)
- 'Shche ne vmerla Ukraina' (Ukraine)
- 'Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka' (Nepal)
- 'Afghan National Anthem' (Afghanistan)
- 'Cherifian Anthem' (Morocco)
- 'İstiklâl Marşı' (Turkey)
- 'Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu' (Kenya)
These anthems use pentatonic scales:
- 'Kimigayo' (Japan)
- 'Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya' (Ethiopia)
- 'Ertra, Ertra, Ertra' (Eritrea)
- 'Qolobaa Calankeed' (Somalia)
- 'Djibouti' (Djibouti)
- 'Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu' (Kenya)
- 'Druk tsendhen' (Bhutan)
- 'Nokor Reach' (Cambodia)
And these anthems have unique modes/modulations:
- 'Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni' (Turkmenistan) uses the Mixolydian mode
- The 'Afghan National Anthem' uses parallel key modulation[original research?]
- 'Forged from the Love of Liberty' (Trinidad and Tobago) starts in the minor key and then modulates to major key
- 'Humat ad-Diyar' (Syria) (Modulates repeatedly between major and minor)
- 'National Anthem of Mauritania' (Mauritania)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Burton-Hill, Clemency (21 October 2014). 'World Cup 2014: What makes a great national anthem?'. BBC.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^'Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language - CSO - Central Statistics Office'. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^'Spain: Lost for words - The Economist'. The Economist. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^M. de Bruin, 'Het Wilhelmus tijdens de Republiek', in: L.P. Grijp (ed.), Nationale hymnen. Het Wilhelmus en zijn buren. Volkskundig bulletin 24 (1998), p. 16-42, 199–200; esp. p. 28 n. 65.
- ^Japan Policy Research Institute JPRI Working Paper No. 79. The Indian National anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' was transcribed from a poem by Rabindranath Tagore. Published July 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2007
- ^'Kenya'. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^'Musical traditions in sports'. SportsIllustrated.
- ^17 June 2013 (17 June 2013). 'Tanzania: Dons Fault Court Over Suspension of Students (Page 1 of 2)'. allAfrica.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^'Identity: Nationalism confronts a desire to be different'. Financial Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^Yomiuri ShimbunFoul cried over Taiwan anthem at hoop tourney. Published 6 August 2007
- ^'How national anthem became essential part of sports'. USA TODAY. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National anthem. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: National anthems |
Wikidata has the property:
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- NationalAnthems.me, national anthems of every country in the world (and historical national anthems) with streaming audio, lyrics, information and links
- Nationalanthems.info, lyrics and history of national anthems
- Recordings of countries' anthems around the world by the United States Navy Band
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_anthem&oldid=898271940'
The earliest surviving sheet music of 'The Star-Spangled Banner', from 1814. | |
National anthem of the United States | |
Lyrics | Francis Scott Key, 1814 |
---|---|
Music | John Stafford Smith, c. 1773 |
Adopted | March 3, 1931[1] |
Audio sample | |
'The Star-Spangled Banner' (instrumental, one stanza) |
'The Star-Spangled Banner' is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the Defence of Fort M'Henry,[2] a poem written on September 14, 1814, by the then 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory.
The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London. 'To Anacreon in Heaven' (or 'The Anacreontic Song'), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Key's poem and renamed 'The Star-Spangled Banner', it soon became a well-known U.S. patriotic song. With a range of 19 semitones, it is known for being very difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today.
'The Star-Spangled Banner' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889, and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressionalresolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C.§ 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover.
Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of U.S. officialdom. 'Hail, Columbia' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. 'My Country, 'Tis of Thee', whose melody is identical to 'God Save the Queen', the United Kingdom's national anthem,[3] also served as a de facto national anthem.[4] Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.S. wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them 'America the Beautiful', which itself was being considered before 1931, as a candidate to become the national anthem of the United States.[5]
- 1Early history
- 2Modern history
- 3Lyrics
- 3.1Additional Civil War period lyrics
- 6Protests
- 12External links
Early history
Francis Scott Key's lyrics
Francis Scott Key's original manuscript copy of his 'Defence of Fort M'Henry' poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society.
On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden, flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagshipHMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.
Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense.
An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry
During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller 'storm flag' continued to fly, but once the shell and Congreve rocket[6] barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September 14, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised.
During the bombardment, HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the 'bombs bursting in air'.
The 15-star, 15-stripe 'Star-Spangled Banner' that inspired the poem
Key was inspired by the U.S. victory and the sight of the large U.S. flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore's Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.
Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it 'Defence of Fort M'Henry'. It was first published nationally in The Analectic Magazine.[7][8]
Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also set to the tune of 'The Anacreontic Song'. The song, known as 'When the Warrior Returns',[9] was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War.Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses. According to British historian Robin Blackburn, the words 'the hireling and slave' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organized as the Corps of Colonial Marines, who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line 'where they might expect to meet their former masters.'[10] Nevertheless, Professor Mark Clague, a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan, argues that the 'middle two verses of Key's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812' and 'in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery.'[11] Clague writes that 'For Key .. the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection.'[11] This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I, when the British and the U.S. were allies.[11] Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a 'celebration of slavery,'[12] Clague said that: 'The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation, of black Americans to fight for the British, with the promise of freedom. The American forces included African-Americans as well as whites. The term 'freemen,' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza, would have encompassed both.'[13]
Others suggest that 'Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy's practice of impressment (kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown), or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole (which included a large number of mercenaries).'[14]
John Stafford Smith's music
Sheet music version Play
The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England
Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody 'The Anacreontic Song', by English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.
On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note 'Tune: Anacreon in Heaven'. The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title 'The Star Spangled Banner', although it was originally called 'Defence of Fort M'Henry'. Thomas Carr's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from 'The Anacreontic Song'.[15] The song's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the song in November 1814.
By the early 20th century, there were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Crusade. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.[16] An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men's votes tallied, measure by measure.[17]
National anthem
Commemorative plaque in Washington, D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where 'The Star-Spangled Banner' was first publicly sung
One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the 'Defence of Fort M'Henry', a poem that later became the lyrics of 'The Star-Spangled Banner', the national anthem of the United States.
The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events, such as Independence Day celebrations.
A plaque displayed at Fort Meade, South Dakota, claims that the idea of making 'The Star Spangled Banner' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, Post Commander, established the tradition that the song be played 'at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts.' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who 'promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia.' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War, Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it 'be played at every Army post every evening at retreat.'[18]
In 1899, the U.S. Navy officially adopted 'The Star-Spangled Banner'.[19] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that 'The Star-Spangled Banner' be played at military[19] and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game,[20] though evidence shows that the 'Star-Spangled Banner' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II.[21]
On April 10, 1918, John Charles Linthicum, U.S. Congressman from Maryland, introduced a bill to officially recognize 'The Star-Spangled Banner' as the national anthem.[22] The bill did not pass.[22] On April 15, 1929, Linthicum introduced the bill again, his sixth time doing so.[22] On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying 'Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem'.[23]
In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize 'The Star-Spangled Banner' as the national anthem.[24] Five million people signed the petition.[24] The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930.[25] On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.[26] The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote.[27] The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year.[28] The Senate passed the bill on March 3, 1931.[28]PresidentHerbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting 'The Star-Spangled Banner' as the national anthem of the United States of America.[1] As currently codified, the United States Code states that '[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem.'[29]
Modern history
Performances
Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field
The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range – a 12th. Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus.[30]
In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key [sic] wrote 'The Star-Spangled Banner', and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror.
— Richard Armour
Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced.[citation needed] Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project.[31]
'The Star-Spangled Banner' has been performed regularly at the beginning of NFL games since the end of WWII by order of NFL commissioner Elmer Layden, according to History.com .[32] According to same article, the song has been intermittently performed at baseball games since after WWI It has also been popular as performed by orchestra or soloists at other public gatherings. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and U.S. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the 'away' anthem being performed first).[33][better source needed] It is also usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors (respectively), the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL, which play in a city on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.[34]
Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks. On September 12, 2001, the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace, London, at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard, as a gesture of support for Britain's ally.[35] The following day at a St. Paul's Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence.[36]
Warriors orochi 4 unique weapons. Unique weapon will have +19 while 3 and 4 stars weapons will have +13 max, so your 3 or 4 stars weapon needs to be 6 damage or higher than unique weapon, otherwise your unique.
200th anniversary celebrations
The 200th anniversary of the 'Star-Spangled Banner' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10–16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender's Day, September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.[37] In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration[38] including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler.
Adaptations
O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster
The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues-style rendition of the song[39] at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series, between Detroit and St. Louis.[40] This rendition started contemporary 'Star-Spangled Banner' controversies. The response from many in the Vietnam War-era U.S. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the 'Star-Spangled Banner' heard in the years since.[41] One week after Feliciano's performance, the anthem was in the news again when U.S. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the 'Star-Spangled Banner' played at a medal ceremony. Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix's version, which was a set-list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970, including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969. Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the 'rockets' red glare', and 'bombs bursting in air', it became a late-1960s emblem.
Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano, the only times the national anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100). In 1993, Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album, Alive III. Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward, she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. President, George H. W. Bush.[42]Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the 'Star-Spangled Banner' in live sets, replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today. David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song, 'Yankee Rose' on his 1986 solo album, Eat 'Em and Smile. Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.[43] In 2016, Aretha Franklin performed a rendition before the nationally-televised Minnesota Vikings-Detroit Lions Thanksgiving Day game lasting more than four minutes and featuring a host of improvizations. It would be one of Franklin's last public appearances before her 2018 death.[44]Black Eyed Peas-singer Fergie gave a controversial performance of the anthem in 2018. Critics likened her rendition to a jazzy 'sexed-up' version of the anthem, which was considered highly inappropriate, with her performance compared to that of Marilyn Monroe's iconic performance of Happy Birthday, Mr. President. Fergie later apologized for her performance of the song, citing that 'I'm a risk taker artistically, but clearly this rendition didn't strike the intended tone'.[45]
A version of Aerosmith's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of 'Train Kept A-Rollin' on the Rockin' the Joint album. The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album. The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel (2000).
In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project, was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem.[46]
Lyrics
O say can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
A home and a country, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave![47]
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
A home and a country, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave![47]
Cover of sheet music for 'The Star-Spangled Banner', transcribed for piano by Ch. Voss, Philadelphia: G. Andre & Co., 1862
Additional Civil War period lyrics
Eighteen years after Key's death, and in indignation over the start of the American Civil War, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.[48] added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861, which appeared in songbooks of the era.[49]
When our land is illumined with Liberty's smile,
If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory,
Down, down with the traitor that dares to defile
The flag of her stars and the page of her story!
By the millions unchained, who our birthright have gained,
We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained!
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
While the land of the free is the home of the brave.
If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory,
Down, down with the traitor that dares to defile
The flag of her stars and the page of her story!
By the millions unchained, who our birthright have gained,
We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained!
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
While the land of the free is the home of the brave.
Alternative lyrics
In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads 'Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight'.[50] In honour of the 1986 rededication of the Statue of Liberty, Sandi Patty wrote her version of an additional verse to the anthem.[51]
References in film, television, literature
Several films have their titles taken from the song's lyrics. These include two films titled Dawn's Early Light (2000[52] and 2005);[53] two made-for-TV features titled By Dawn's Early Light (1990[54] and 2000);[55] two films titled So Proudly We Hail (1943[56] and 1990);[57] a feature film (1977)[58] and a short (2005)[59] titled Twilight's Last Gleaming; and four films titled Home of the Brave(1949,[60]1986,[61]2004,[62] and 2006).[63] A 1936 short titled The Song of a Nation from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song.[64]
Customs and federal law
Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the U.S. national anthem came about in Tacoma, Washington, on October 18, 1893, in the Bostwick building
When the U.S. national anthem was first recognized by law in 1931, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem, but not if the flag was not present. On December 23, 1942, the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the law was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On August 12, 1998, the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions, but differentiating between 'those in uniform' and 'members of the Armed Forces and veterans' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem, throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the national anthem became nearly universal.[65][66][67]
Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code 36 U.S.C.§ 301) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note. The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.[68][69]
The text of 36 U.S.C.§ 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature. Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law. This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance.[70] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an 'ethical decision' that individual believers must make based on their 'conscience.'[71][72][73]
Protests
1968 Olympics Black Power salute
The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200-meter running event, they turned on the podium to face their flags, and to hear the American national anthem, 'The Star-Spangled Banner'. Each athlete raised a black-gloved fist, and kept them raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets. In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a 'Black Power' salute, but a 'human rights salute'. The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games.[74]
2016 protests
Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League (NFL) after San Francisco 49ersquarterback (QB) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, in response to police brutality in America, before his team's third preseason game of 2016. Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games, but he went unnoticed.[75]
NAACP call to remove the national anthem
Singing Time Of National Anthem
In November 2017, the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove 'The Star-Spangled Banner' as the national anthem. Alice Huffman, California NAACP president said: 'it's racist; it doesn't represent our community, it's anti-black.'[76] The third stanza of the anthem, which is rarely sung and few know, contains the words, 'No refuge could save the hireling and slave, From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:', which some interpret as racist. The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement.
Translations
As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country, the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German.[77] The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish-language version from 1919.[78] It has since been translated into Hebrew[79] and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,[80] Latin American Spanish (with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006),[81] French by Acadians of Louisiana,[82]Samoan,[83] and Irish.[84] The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin.[85]
Why Colin Kneel During Singing Of National Anthem
With regard to the indigenous languages of North America, there are versions in Navajo[86][87][88] and Cherokee.[89]
Media
Singing Of Philippine National Anthem Rules
A 1915 recording of the Star-Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson, daughter of Woodrow Wilson Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star-Spangled Banner in 1942 A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band. | |
Problems playing these files? See media help. |
(1940) | (1944) |
See also
References
- ^ ab'Star-Spangled Banner' Is Now Official Anthem'. The Washington Post. March 5, 1931. p. 3.
- ^'Defence of Fort M'Henry | Library of Congress'. Loc.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^'My country 'tis of thee [Song Collection]'. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
- ^Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN1-55778-167-2.
- ^Estrella, Espie (September 2, 2018). 'Who Wrote 'America the Beautiful'? The History of America's Unofficial National Anthem'. thoughtco.com. ThoughtCo. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
Many consider 'America the Beautiful' to be the unofficial national anthem of the United States. In fact, it was one of the songs being considered as a U.S. national anthem before 'Star Spangled Banner' was officially chosen.
- ^British Rockets at the US National Park Service, Fort McHenry National Monument, and Historic Shrine. Retrieved February 2008. Archived April 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^'John Wiley & Sons: 200 Years of Publishing – Birth of the New American Literature: 1807–1826'. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
- ^'Defence of Fort M'Henry'. The Analectic magazine. 4: 433–434. November 1814. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
- ^'When the Warrior Returns – Key'. Potw.org. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^Blackburn, Robin (1988). The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848. pp. 288–290.
- ^ abcMark Clague (2016-08-31). ''Star-Spangled Banner' critics miss the point'. CNN.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^'Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know: The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery'. Theintercept.com. 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^'Is the National Anthem Racist? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick'. The New York Times. 3 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2017-04-18.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ^''The Star-Spangled Banner' and Slavery'. Snopes.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^Clague, Mark, and Jamie Vander Broek. 'Banner moments: the national anthem in American life'. University of Michigan, 2014. 4.
- ^'Oratorio Society of New York – Star Spangled Banner'. Oratoriosocietyofny.org. Archived from the original on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^'Standardization Manuscript for 'The Star Spangled Banner' | Antiques Roadshow'. PBS. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^Plaque, Fort Meade, erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society
- ^ abCavanaugh, Ray (July 4, 2016). 'The Star-Spangled Banner: an American anthem with a very British beginning'. The Guardian. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^'Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series: A Tradition is Born'. Baseballisms.com. 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2016-02-03.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^ abc'National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31'. The Baltimore Sun. January 23, 1930. p. 4.
- ^'Company News – Ripley Entertainment Inc'. Ripleysnewsroom.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^ ab'5,000,000 Sign for Anthem: Fifty-Mile Petition Supports 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Bill'. The New York Times. January 19, 1930. p. 31.
- ^'5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem: Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today'. The Washington Post. January 31, 1930. p. 2.
- ^'Committee Hears Star-Spangled Banner Sung: Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem'. The New York Times. February 1, 1930. p. 1.
- ^'Star-Spangled Banner' Favored As Anthem in Report to House'. The New York Times. February 5, 1930. p. 3.
- ^ ab'Star Spangled Banner' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress'. The New York Times. March 4, 1931. p. 1.
- ^36 U.S.C.§ 301.
- ^Theroux, Alexander (February 16, 2013). The Grammar of Rock: Art and Artlessness in 20th Century Pop Lyrics. Fantagraphics Books. p. 22. ISBN9781606996164.
- ^'The Fenway Project – Part One'. Red Sox Connection. May 2004. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016.
- ^'History.com article para 6'. History.com. September 25, 2017. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018.
- ^Allen, Kevin (March 23, 2003). 'NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song'. USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^'Fanzone, A–Z Guide: National Anthems'. Buffalo Sabres. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center, you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems..
- ^Graves, David (September 14, 2001) 'Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute'. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 24, 2011
- ^Steyn, Mark (September 17, 2001). 'The Queen's Tears/And global resolve against terrorism'. National Review. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
- ^Michael E. Ruane (September 11, 2014). 'Francis Scott Key's anthem keeps asking: Have we survived as a nation?'. Washington Post.
- ^[1]Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Gilliland, John (1969). 'Show 52 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. [Part 8]'(audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 5.
- ^Paul White, USA Today Sports (October 14, 2012). 'Jose Feliciano's once-controversial anthem kicks off NLCS'. Usatoday.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
- ^Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performanceArchived 2015-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Letofsky, Irv (July 28, 1990). 'Roseanne Is Sorry – but Not That Sorry'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ^'AOL Radio – Listen to Free Online Radio – Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists'. Spinner.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
- ^'That time Aretha Franklin dazzled America on Thanksgiving with national anthem'. WJBK. August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
- ^'Fergie apologises for national anthem'. BBC News. 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
- ^'Harris Interactive poll on 'The Star-Spangled Banner''. Tnap.org. Archived from the original on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^Francis Scott Key, The Star Spangled Banner (lyrics), 1814, MENC: The National Association for Music EducationNational Anthem Project (archived from the originalArchived January 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine on 2013-01-26).
- ^Butterworth, Hezekiah; Brown, Theron (1906). 'The Story of the Hymns and Tunes'. George H. Doran Co.: 335.
- ^The soldier's companion: dedicated .. Books.google.com. 1865. Retrieved 2010-06-14 – via Google Books.
- ^'Library of Congress image'. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-09-25/features/8603110651_1_sandi-patti-national-anthem-songs
- ^Dawn's Early Light (2000) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Dawn's Early Light (2005) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Dawn's Early Light TV (1990) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Dawn's Early Light TV (2000) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^So Proudly We Hail (1943) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^So Proudly We Hail (1990) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Twilight's Last Gleaming (2005) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Home of the Brave (1949) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
- ^Home of the Brave (1986) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
- ^Home of the Brave (2004) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
- ^Home of the Brave (2006) on the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^[2],
- ^'Public Laws, June 22, 1942'. June 22, 1942.
- ^'77th Congress, 2nd session'. uscode.house.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
- ^'Public law, July 7, 1976'. uscode.house.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
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- ^'U.S. Code'. Uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
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- ^'Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses'. Towerwatch.com. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
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- ^Lewis, Richard (8 October 2006). 'Caught in Time: Black Power salute, Mexico, 1968'. The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^Sandritter, Mark. 'A timeline of Colin Kaepernick's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him'. SB Nation. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
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- ^Das Star-Spangled Banner, US Library of Congress. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^La Bandera de las Estrellas, US Library of Congress. Retrieved May 31, 2005.
- ^Hebrew Version
- ^Abraham Asen, The Star Spangled Banner in pool, 1745, Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry, McGill University Digital Collections Programme. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Day to Day. 'A Spanish Version of 'The Star-Spangled Banner''. NPR. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^David Émile Marcantel, La Bannière ÉtoiléeArchived 2013-05-17 at the Wayback Machine on Musique Acadienne. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^Zimmer, Benjamin (2006-04-29). 'The 'Samoa News' reporting of a Samoan version'. Itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^'''An Bhratach Gheal-Réaltach' – Irish version'. Daltai.com. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^Christopher M. Brunelle, Third Verse in Latin, 1999
- ^'Gallup Independent, 25 March 2005'. Gallupindependent.com. 2005-03-25. Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^[3][dead link]
- ^'Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007, Navajo Nation Government'. Navajo.org. 2007-01-09. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^'Cherokee Phoenix, Accessed 2009-08-15'. Cherokeephoenix.org. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
Further reading
- Ferris, Marc. Star-Spangled Banner: The Unlikely Story of America's National Anthem. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. ISBN9781421415185OCLC879370575
- Leepson, Marc. What So Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a Life. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN9781137278289OCLC860395373
External links
- 'New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner,' CBS This Morning, September 13, 2014.
- 'Star-Spangled History: 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem,' Biography.com.
- 'Star-Spangled Banner' writer had a complex record on race,' Mary Carole McCauley,' Baltimore Sun, July 26, 2014.
- 'The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It.' NPR's Hear and Now, July 4, 2017.
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Historical audio
- The Star Spangled Banner, The Diamond Four, 1898
- The Star Spangled Banner, Margaret Woodrow Wilson, 1915
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